#tugasan science computer 3.2

          INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER

Internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides access to the Internet. Internet service providers may be organized in various forms, such as commercial, community-owned, non-profit, or otherwise privately owned.

Internet services typically provided by ISPs include Internet access, Internet transit, domain name registration, web hosting, Usenet service and colocation.
             
                Duty Internet service provider

1. Duty to provide a reliable and accessible conduit for traffic and services
2. Duty to provide authentic and authoritative routing information
3. Duty to provide authentic and authoritative naming information
4. Duty to report anonymized security incident statistics to the public
5. Duty to educate customers about threats
6. Duty to inform customers of apparent infections in their infrastructure
7. Duty to warn other ISPs of imminent danger and help in emergencies
8. Duty to avoid aiding and abetting criminal activity

                            Top ISPs

Comcast Xfinity. Comcast Xfinity offers cable Internet service across 40 states to approximately 110 million people. It is the largest provider of cable broadband in the U.S. by coverage area. It has a variety of plans at different speeds, from 10 megabits per second to 2 gigabits per second. Its plans start at a one-year promo rate of $29.99 per month for 10 Mbps, with the regular rate at $64.95 per month. Bundled plans start at $39.99 per month.

AT&T Internet. AT&T Internet — formerly AT&T U-verse — offers high speed Internet service to 22 states. In addition to DSL broadband, AT&T Internet also offers fiber and fixed wireless Internet service. Internet plans start at $40 per month (or $30 per month through bundling) for speeds up to 50 Mbps. Unlimited data allowance may be purchased separately for an additional $30 per month, or receive unlimited data at no additional charge through bundling. AT&T Fiber, delivering speeds starting with a 1 Gbps, starts at $80 per month.

Verizon Fios. Fios is an acronym for “Fiber Optic Service.” Verizon Fios is the largest fiber-optic provider in the U.S. by coverage area, offering service in 10 states. Verizon was one of the first U.S. carriers to offer fiber in the home. Fios began in 2005 and expanded in 2010. Plans start at $64.99 per month for 100 Mbps downloads and uploads. The promotional rate is for one year, with the regular rate at $74.99.

Charter Spectrum. Charter Communications is a telecommunications company that offers its services under the brand of Spectrum. It is the second largest cable operator in the U.S. by subscribers, having acquired Time Warner Cable and Bright House Networks in 2016. It offers cable broadband and fiber Internet service. Internet plans start at $29.99 per month for 12 months, when bundled, for speeds starting at 60 Mbps.

HughesNet. HughesNet provides satellite Internet access to the United States and Europe. Located in the southern skies for the United States, the satellite system is available to all 50 states and is a good solution for rural consumers. HughesNet requires a two-year contract. Plans start at $49.99 per month, with a $59.99 per month promo rate for 25 Mbps with a 20-gigabit data cap. After the two-year promo period, regular rate is $69.99.

HughesNet.

Exede Internet. Excede Internet launched in 2012 through the ViaSat satellite communications company. Excede offers 12 Mbps download speeds, with 25 Mbps speeds in select areas. The company requires a two-year contract, and offers a three-year promo rate. It has a free zone from 3 to 6 a.m. daily. Plans start at $49.99 per month for 12 Mbps download speed with a 12 Gb data cap.

CenturyLink. CenturyLink offers Internet service to 39 states to an estimated 48.4 million people. In addition to DSL, CenturyLink also offers fiber Internet service to approximately 3.5 million people. DSL plans start at $19.95 per month for 12 Mbps. The plans require unlimited nationwide calling, but no term agreement. Fiber service starts at $54.99 per month for a one-year term.

Frontier. Formerly Citizens Communications, Frontier Communications is one of the largest providers of DSL broadband, fiber, and copper Internet service in the U.S. It offers Internet service across 38 states, with its greatest coverage along the West Coast. Frontier Internet has plans starting at $19.99 for year one and $34.99 for year two, with no contract.

Cricket Wireless. With mobile broadband Internet service across 36 states, Cricket Wireless is the fifth largest provider of mobile broadband in the U.S. by coverage area. Plans start at $30 per month for 1 Gb of data.

Mediacom. Mediacom is a cable television and communications company. Founded in 1995, it offers Internet service across 21 states, with its greatest coverage to smaller markets in the Midwest. Plans start at $39.99 per month for 60 Mbps.

Mediacom.

Cox Communications. Cox is the fourth-largest cable television provider in the U.S., serving 18 states with cable Internet available to more than 20 million people. In addition to cable broadband, Cox also offers fiber Internet service, with speeds up to 300 Mbps. Plans start at $29.99 per month for 15 Mbps.

Sprint. The third largest provider of mobile broadband in the U.S., Sprint Internet service is available across 48 states to approximately 280 million people. Plans start at $50 per month for 6 Gb of data.

Windstream. Formed in 2006, Windstream provides Internet service across all 50 states, offering DSL, copper, fixed wireless, fiber, and cable internet services. Windstream is the fifth largest DSL provider in the U.S. Plans start at $44.99 per month for 15 Mbps.

T-Mobile. T-Mobile is the fourth largest provider of mobile broadband in the U.S. by coverage area, available to nearly 250 million people. Plans start at $70 per month.

WOW. WOW offers cable, fiber, and DSL Internet access across 10 states in the Central and Southeast regions. With no data caps, WOW offers Internet speeds of up to 1 Gb per second. Plans start at $29.99 per month for 10 Mbps with a two-year contract.

WOW

Dish Network. The third largest satellite provider in the U.S., Dish Network offers Internet service across all 50 states, with the greatest coverage in the Southwest. In addition to satellite broadband, Dish also offers DSL Internet service. Plans start at $49.99 per month with a two-year bundled package.

Cable ONE. Cable ONE offers cable Internet service, cable television, and telephone service in 21 states, mainly in the Midwest and Northwest. It is the seventh-largest cable company, serving more than 800,000 customers. Plans start at $50 per month for 150 Mbps — $80 after the first three months.

Suddenlink. Suddenlink offers Internet service across 16 states, primarily in the South and Southwest. Speeds start at 50 Mbps, reaching up to 1 Gb in select markets. Plans start at $59.99 per month for 200 Mbps.

U.S. Cellular. A regional carrier, U.S. Cellular offers mobile broadband Internet service across 23 states, mainly in the West and Midwest. Plans start at $50 per month for 2 Gb of data.

Google Fiber. Google Fiber currently offers up 1 Gbps Internet service to 28 cities across eight states, with potentially 10 more on the way. Plans start at $50 per month for 100 Mbps.

Google Fiber.

EPIC AIR TRUE WIRELESS SPORT EARBUDS + CHARGING CASE

EPIC AIR TRUE WIRELESS SPORT EARBUDS + CHARGING CASE GO truly wireless with the Epic Air. The best playtime in the true wireless game with a six hour battery life in both earbuds, and their included charging case provides 30 extra hours and will charge out to your other devices. Their earhook design gives a secure fit to ensure they’ll never fall out during those intense workouts. Touch-and-tap controls let you skip forward or back as needed and answer and hang up phone calls with their built-in microphones.

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  BEST IN CLASS PLAYTIME...AGAIN. After we dominated battery life in the wireless sport earbud category with our Epic2 earbuds, JLab’s Epic Air features a six-hour battery life – the best in the true wireless earbud market – and are paired with the most robust charging solution to date. The included charging case can pump out 30 more hours of listening time – beating anything in the category with time to spare. That’s 36 hours’ total, 25% more than the Apple AirPods*.

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  MAKE CALLS We thought you might be busy. So, we put a microphone in both the right and left earbud allowing you to take calls at the drop of a hat or activate Siri or Google Assistant. When used together, whichever earbud is holding the main Bluetooth® connection will have the active microphone and receive the call audio. You’ll never worry about missing that important phone call.

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  MASSIVE SOUND The Epic Air earbuds are packed with technology that matters, creating the best sound. Instead of packing the limited space with unused tech (heartrate, fitness tracking, etc), we used it to host large 8mm drivers, 27% larger than Jabra Sport Elite*, and a balanced sound chamber. We then tuned it to ensure the best C3™ sound that will excite and motivate you each time you go.

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  PORTABLE POWER The included charging case is the perfect portable, universal charger– not just to keep your Epic Air going for 30 hours, but also for charging your device. Use the included cord to charge your Android or use your iPhone charger to plug-in. The lights indicate how much power is remaining so you’ll know when to recharge the case as well.

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  REVOLUTIONARY FIT Our proprietary earhook combined with eight sets of gel-tips, including a triple flange custom fit tip and a unique shallow-fit tip, allow the earbud to customize to anyone’s fit. JLab offers more fit options than nearly any other true wireless earbud and the additional safeguard from the earhook creates our revolutionary fit and feel.

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  SWEATPROOF The Epic Air feature an IP55 sweatproof rating allowing you to put them through even the sweatiest of workouts. If you get caught in the rain, that’s okay too. After all their outings, you can give them a quick rinse off and get to going again.

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  TOUCH & TAP CONTROLS With just a tap or two to either earbud you’ll be able switch up your tunes, easy as 1 2 3. For simple, uncomplicated controlling, you'll be able to track forward, track backward, play, pause or adjust volume. Volume can also be controlled via your device. To power on press and hold the button on the inside of the earbud. To power off press and hold the same button or place the earbuds back in the case and they will automatically turn off.  Simple.

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  BLUETOOTH® ANTENNA EARHOOK  We focused on creating a secure, uninterrupted Bluetooth® connection. While other true wireless products struggle with the cross-body connection and have consistent cut-out issues**, JLab’s first-ever antenna earhook is designed with the Bluetooth® antenna in both the right and left side to ensure the strongest connection yet. The earbud to earbud connection finds its way around the back of your neck avoiding any interferences, which no other true wireless earbud does. Using Bluetooth® 4.1 with aptX Technology in the earhook design, creates a clear music streaming quality. With Beacon™ Signal Technology built in both antennas, your device can connect to either earbud. This provides unsurpassed connectivity and reduces environmental detuning. Make calls. Listen to music. Do work. All from up to 30 feet away. It’s wireless sound at its best.

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  EPIC AIR VS THE AIRPODS, BRAGI AND MORE

  
  
  

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment

Although nanomedicine may sound like something out of a science fiction film, it is already being put to use in treating a range of human illnesses. Magnetic nanoparticles are currently in development as a promising new type of cancer treatment that uses nanoparticles to selectively heat tumors to temperatures high enough to kill cancer cells without harming healthy cells.This destroys tumors as well as activates the immune system to attack other cancer cells throughout the body.

Figure 1: A ferrofluid forming peaks when brought close to a magnet. (image by Steve Jurvetson)

This intriguing new treatment is called magnetic-mediated hyperthermia (MMH). Hyperthermia, which means high temperature, has been proposed throughout history as a way to treat many diseases. Hippocrates (a Greek physician known as the father of western medicine – the Hippocratic Oath is named after him) said, “those diseases which medicines do not cure, the knife cures; those which the knife cannot cure, fire cures; those which fire cannot cure, are to be reckoned wholly incurable.” The problem, though, is that cells must be heated to 43 °C (109 °F) to be destroyed.1 Of course, since our normal body temperature is 98.6 °F, a human body cannot be heated that much without undesirable consequences. That means that in order to put hyperthermia to use, doctors must be able to selectively heat only the cells they want to kill, while leaving all the other parts of the body untouched.

This is where the nanoparticles come in.

There is a type of magnetic fluid, known as a ferrofluid, that is made from iron oxide particles (commonly magnetite) that are less than 100 nm in size. These ferrofluids are called superparamagnetic which means that they are not magnetized until an external magnetic field is applied to them. A ferrofluid looks like a regular liquid until it is brought close to a magnet, when it suddenly organizes into unique peaks and valleys (see Figure 1 above).

Due to the nanoparticles’ size, ferrofluid can be injected directly into cancer cells and will spread through a tumor without dispersing widely around the body. Then, an alternating magnetic field is applied to the patient. This alternating magnetic field creates small currents running through the ferrofluid, and these small currents give off heat due to resistance. Think of your phone charger heating up when in use – this is a similar idea except the heat is used as energy rather than wasted heating up the air or furniture around your charger.

Figure 2: Any heat generated by the currents in your phone as it charges usually just dissipates into the surrounding environment. (image by Ed Gregory)

At a certain temperature called the Curie Point the ferrofluid becomes disordered again, and stops heating up. This phenomenon makes the nanoparticles self-regulating: the hyperthermia essentially turns itself off when the nanoparticles reach their Curie Point. By using materials designed with Curie Points at a safe maximum temperature (122 – 158 °F) doctors don’t have to closely monitor the patient’s internal temperature throughout the treatment.1

Magnetic-mediated hyperthermia can be used to treat local tumors, but it also ramps up the immune system to find and destroy distant cells. This is because cancer cells produce more heat shock proteins (HSPs) than normal cells. HSPs help repair damaged proteins when cells are exposed to high heat or toxins. When cancer cells are heated to high temperatures from the magnetic-mediated hyperthermia, they produce HSPs in high quantities. The HSPs in turn bind to antigens (molecules or proteins that trigger an immune response). When some cells are destroyed by the heat, their HSPs and antigens are released into the body. That then attracts cells from the immune system, which interact with the HSP-antigen complex and use them to hunt down other cancer cells that were not damaged by the initial heating.

Figure 3: Example of a heat shock protein (HSP)   (image by Emw)

Nanoparticles can also be used to combine hyperthermia with other cancer treatments like chemotherapy. Small molecules called ligands can coat a nanoparticle’s surface to selectively target receptors or enzymes in certain cancer cells. Ligands improve the stability of magnetic nanoparticles in biological materials and can also be used to direct chemotherapy drugs into tumors. For instance, negatively charged magnetic nanoparticles and positively charged cisplatin molecules (a chemotherapy drug) are attracted to each other to form a nanoparticle-drug complex. Once this nanoparticle-drug complex is targeted to cancer cells, an alternating magnetic field is applied. The heat produced both kills the cancer cells and releases the drugs from the nanoparticles directly inside the cancer cells! Studies show that hyperthermia and chemotherapy are significantly more effective in combination than when used separately.1

Figure 4: Cisplatin crystals (not attached to any nanoparticles)   (image by the National Cancer Institute)

The really exciting part of the MMH treatment is that it has been shown to be effective with only minor side effects. In animal studies as well as phase I and II trials in humans, MMH has killed tumors in types of cancer that are typically extremely difficult to treat, such as glioblastoma (a type of brain cancer), with only minor side effects. The skin next to tumors is slightly warmed during treatment, but otherwise, many types of magnetic nanoparticles have low toxicity. Also, chemotherapy drugs directed into cancer cells by nanoparticles do less damage to healthy cells. Overall, the potential benefits of MMH are judged to outweigh the side effects, and MMH is an acceptable treatment according to medical ethical considerations.

Further research is needed on the effects of applying magnetic fields to humans as well as ways to use fewer nanoparticles while reaching higher temperatures.4 Some materials have higher heating capacity than others, which is good as long as the materials are also nontoxic and biocompatible. Despite these hurdles, MMH has been approved for use in Germany to treat brain cancer under the name MagForce NanoTherm™ therapy. This new technology shows great promise in cancer treatment especially when combined with treatments already in use.

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Tugasan sains computer

COVER BUKU SAINS KOMPUTER 

Smarthome

  Pembantu rumah di hujung jari(smarthome)

Anda inginkan sebuah rumah yang mempunyai teknologi canggih seperti filem animasi Ejen Ali? Adakah anda tahu, Robot pembantu rumah yang diperkenalkan oleh negara Jepun telah menjadi kebanggaan dan keinginan bagi setiap suri rumah yang bekerjaya. Tambahan pula, taraf pendidikan di negara Jepun adalah tinggi dan kerana itu mencari seorang orang gaji menjadu sangat sukar. Hal ini lah yang menjadi punca kepada penciptaan Smart Home.

Pelbagai alat elektronik dan Smart Gadget yang menggunakan teknologi canggih yang telah dicipta bagi memudahkan kerja harian bagi seorang suri rumah. Seperti robot yang dicipta oleh salah satu Universiti di Jepun, iaitu Twendy One Robot.

Apa yang hebat Twendy One Robot  ini sehingga mampu membantu suri rumah melakukan kerja harian? Robot pembantu ini mampu melakukan kegiatan harian seperti memanggang roti, menyediakan sarapan dan mampu membezakan permukaan yang lembut dan keras. Robot Twendi ini juga mempunyai dua kamera dikepalanya dan memiliki sensor yang peka terhadap sentuhan manusia di bahagian kepalanya. Ia juga mampu menolong pesakit ke kerusi roda dengan menghulurkan tangan kepadanya, dan Robot ini akan cuba mengimbangkan dan menganggar berat pesakit untuk ke kerusi roda.

Hari ini kita diperkenalkan dengan Smarthome yang popular, membolehkan kita membuka dan menutup lampu, menghidupkan komputer dan televisyen dengan hanya menyentuh butang atau menepuk tangan. Menariknya.! Terdapat lima sistem teknologi canggih yang terkandung dalam smarthome ini, iaitu :

Sistem Keselamatan

Sistem ini mempunyai 2 teknologi yang menjaga keselamatan didalam rumah, iaitu CCTV dan Alarm. CCTV yang berfungsi sebagai perakam segala kejadian didalam dan luar rumah akan sentiasa berhubung dengan alarm. Alarm ini akan berbunyi apabila ada hal yang tidak diinginkan terakam kamera. Selain CCTV dan alarm, terdapat satu lagi teknologi yang membantu keselamatan rumah iaitu text notification yang memberi amaran melalui telefon bimbit sekiranya ada tingkap dan pintu yang tidak berkunci.

 

POWER SYSTEM

Teknologi ini mengawal tenaga elektrik yang digunakan didalam rumah. Sistem ini dipasang pada alat-alat elektronik seperti Televisyen, Pendingin Hawa, Lampu malah ada yang memasang di peti sejuk. Power system  ini akan menghidupkan semua alat elektronik ini apabila ada orang di dalam rumah dan sebaliknya apabila tiada siapa di dalamnya maka seluruh alat elektronik akan terpadam dengan sendirinya. Teknologi canggih ini juga bekerja sebagai pengatur  elektrik. Jika arusnya sudah sampai pada tahap maksima, maka alat-alat elektronik ini juga akan terpadam bagi menjimatkan kos penggunaan elektrik.

Jaringan Multimedia

Teknologi ini lebih mengetengahkan hiburan seperti TV, DVD, Komputer dan Playstation yang akan  membuatkan masa rehat penghuni Smarthome ini lebih  terhibur dengan jaringan Multimedia ini.

Sistem Pengesan Bahaya

Setiap rumah yang diduduki pastinya akan berisiko menerima pelbagai kemungkinan yang tidak diingini atas kelalaian manusia sendiri.  Contohnya seperti kebakaran yang berpunca letupan gas dan litar pintas atau selainnya. Tetapi jika diterapkan smarthome didalam setiap rumah, kemungkinan seperti ini mampu diatasi dengan teknologi pencegah. Sistem pengesan kebocoran gas mampu mengesan jika ada kebocoran gas yang berisiko terjadinya letupan. Antara lainya ialah smoke detector dan  ground fault interrupters. Smoke Detecter yang mampu mengesan asap atau api kecil yang boleh menyebabkan kebakaran. Bagi Ground Fault Interrupters bekerja sebagai pengesan renjatan arus elektrik yang terkena pada badan manusia dan Ground Fault Interrupters akan mematikan seluruh arus elektrik di dalam rumah.

Sistem Pembantu Warga Emas dan Kurang Upaya

Sistem ini sebenarnya telah diterapkan di dalam Smarthome  bagi memudahkan dan memberi keselesaan bagi yang inividu tidak berkemampuan. Jadi jika ada golongan yang kurang upaya ini selamat untuk tinggal di rumah ini dengan sistem keselamatan dan sistem teknologi canggih seperti lainnya.